- • Switch between the two Windows Calculator modes.
- • Use Windows Calculator to convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal.
- • Use Windows Calculator to determine the number of hosts in a network with powers of 2.
Background / Preparation
Network technicians work with binary, decimal, hexadecimal numbers with computers and networking devices. In this lab you will use the Windows Calculator application to convert between the binary, decimal, and hexadecimal number systems. You will also use the powers function to determine the number of hosts that can be addressed based on the number of bits available. The following resources are required:
- • PC with Windows XP installed and functional
Step 1: Access Windows Calculator and determine mode of operation
- From the Start button menu, select All Programs > Accessories, and click on Calculator. An alternate method of starting the Calculator application is to access the Start menu, click onRun, type calc and press Enter. Try both methods.
- Once the Calculator application opens, select the View menu option.
- Which mode [Standard | Scientific] is currently active? Jawab: Mode yang sedang aktif sekarang adalah Scientific
- Select the Standard mode. This is a basic mode for simple calculations. How many mathematical functions are available in this mode? Jawab: Fungsi matematika yang ada pada Standart model adalah 7 fungsi matematika
Step 2: Convert between number systems
- Access Scientific mode. Notice the number system modes available—Hex (Hexadecimal), Dec (Decimal), Oct (Octal), and Bin (Binary).
- Which number system is currently active? Jawab: System bilangan yang sedang aktif pada model Scientific adalah Decimal.
- Which numbers on the number pad are active in Decimal mode? Jawab: Bilangan yang aktif adalah:
- Click on the Bin (Binary) mode radio button. Which numbers on the number pad are now active? Jawab:
- Why do you think the other numbers are grayed out? Jawab: bilangan yang berwarna buram membuktikan bahwa bilangan tersebut tidak aktif untuk binery. Karena bilangan pada binery hanya 0 dan 1.
- Click on the Hex (Hexadecimal) mode radio button.
- Which characters on the number pad are now activated? Jawab karakter yang aktif pada bilangan hexadecimal adalah:
- Click on the Dec radio button. Using your mouse, click on the number 1 followed by the number 5 on the number pad. The decimal number 15 has now been entered. Click on theBin radio button.
- What happened to the number 15 listed in the textbox at the top of the window? Jawab: Ketika decimal aktif saya mengetikan angka 15 kemudian saya tukar dengan Binery maka angka 15 berubah menjadi 1111.
- By selecting different modes, numbers are converted from one number system to another. Select Dec mode again. The number in the window converts back to decimal. Select the Hexmode.
- Which hexadecimal character (0 through 9 or A through F) represents decimal 15? Jawab: pada Hexadecimal yang mempresentasika 15 adalah F
- Clear the number 15 in the window. Select Dec mode again. Not only can the mouse be used to enter numbers, but the numerical keypad on the keyboard as well as numbers on the keyboard can also be used. Using the numerical keypad to the right of the ENTER key, type the number 22. Note that if the number does not enter into the calculator, press the Num Lock key to enable the numeric keypad. While the number 22 is showing in the calculator, use the number keys across the top of the keyboard to add a 0 to the number 22 (220 should now be on the calculator). Select the Bin radio button.
- What is the binary equivalent of 220? Jawab: Decimal 220 equivalent dengan 11011100 pada bineryClear the number 220 in the window. From Binary mode, type in the following binary number: 11001100. Select the Dec radio button.
- What is the decimal equivalent to the binary number of 11011100? Jawab: Binery 11011100 equivalent dengan 220 Decimal
- Convert the following decimal numbers to binary.
| Decimal | Binery |
| 86 | 1010110 |
| 175 | 10101111 |
| 204 | 11001100 |
| 19 | 10011 |
- Convert the following binary numbers to decimal.
| Decimal | Binery |
| 11000011 | 195 |
| 101010 | 42 |
| 111000 | 56 |
| 10010011 | 147 |
Step 3: Convert host IP addresses
- Computer hosts usually have two addresses, an Internet Protocol (IP) address and an Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) address. For the benefit of humans, the IP address is normally represented as a dotted decimal notation, such as 135.15.227.68. Each of the decimal octets in the address or a mask can be converted to 8 binary bits. Remember that the computer only understands binary bits. If all 4 octets were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
Jawab:
jika jumlah semua ada 4 oktet maka ada 32 bit yang terbentuk karena 1 oktet terdiri dari 8 bits.
- IP addresses are normally shown with four decimal numbers ranging from 0 to 255 and separated by a period. Convert the 4 parts of the IP address 192.168.10.2 to binary.
| Decimal | Binary |
| 192 | 11000000 |
| 168 | 10101000 |
| 10 | 00001010 |
| 2 | 00000010s |
- Notice in the previous problem how the 10 converted to only four digits and the number 2 converted to only two digits. When IP addresses can have any number from 0 to 255 in each position, eight digits are normally used to represent each number. In the previous example, eight digits were needed to convert 192 and 168 to binary, but 10 and 2 did not need as many digits. Normally 0s are added to the left of the digits to have eight digits in binary for each IP address number. The number 10 would be shown as 00001010. Four extra zeros are added to the front of the other four binary digits.
- On the calculator in Binary mode, enter the digits 00001010 and select the Dec radio button.
- Which decimal number is equivalent to 00001010?
Jawab:
00001010 ekuivalen dengan 10 pada decimal
- Did adding “leading” zeros affect the number any?
Jawab:
Tidak karena 0 di depan tidak mempunyai pengaruh di dalam pengkonversian.
- What would the number 2 (in the previous example) be if you were to make it eight digits?
Jawab:
karena pada IP address satu octet harus berisikan 8 digit bilangan biner.
Step 4: Convert host IP subnet masks
- Subnet masks, such as 255.255.255.0, are also represented as dotted decimal. A subnet mask will always consist of four 8-bit octets, each one represented as a decimal number. With the exception of decimal 0 (all 8 binary zeros) and decimal 255 (all 8 binary ones), each octet will have some number of ones on the left and some number of zeros on the right. Convert the 8 possible decimal subnet octet values to binary.
| Decimal | Binary |
| 0 | 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 |
| 128 | 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 |
| 192 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 |
| 224 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 |
| 240 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 |
| 248 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 |
| 252 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 |
| 254 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 |
| 255 | 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 |
- Convert the four parts of the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 to binary.
Jawab:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Step 5: Convert broadcast addresses
- Computer hosts and network devices use broadcast addresses to send messages to all hosts. Convert the following broadcast addresses.
| Address | Binery |
| IP broadcast255.255.255.255 | 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111 |
| MAC broadcastFF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF | 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111 |
Step 6: Convert IP and MAC addresses for a host
- Click the Start button, select Run, type cmd, and press Enter. From the command prompt, type ipconfig /all.
- Make a note of the IP address and physical address (also known as a MAC address).
IP Address:
Jawab:
IP addressnya adalah 192.168.193.71
MAC Address:
Jawab:
MAC addresnya adalah 00-17-C4-23-43-FE
- Using the calculator, convert the four numbers contained in the IP address to binary.
| Decimal | Binary |
| 192 | 11000000 |
| 168 | 10101000 |
| 193 | 11000001 |
| 71 | 01000111 |
- The MAC or physical address is normally represented as 12 hexadecimal characters, grouped in pairs and separated by dashes (-). Physical addresses on a Windows-based computer are shown in a format of xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, where each x is a number from 0 to 9 or a letter from a to f. Each of the hex characters in the address can be converted to 4 binary bits which is what the computer understands. If all 12 hex characters were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
Jawab:
Jika ada 12 karakter hexadecimal maka akan ada 96 bilangan biner yang terbentuk.
- Convert each of the hexadecimal pairs to binary. For example, if the number CC-12-DE-4A-BD-88-34 was the physical address, convert the hexadecimal number CC to binary (11001100). Then convert the hexadecimal number 12 to binary (00010010) and so on. Be sure to add the leading zeros for a total of 8 binary digits per pair of hex digits.
| Hexadecimal | Binery |
| CC | 11001100 |
| 12 | 00010010 |
| DE | 11011110 |
| 4A | 01001010 |
| BD | 10111101 |
| 88 | 10001000 |
| 34 | 00110100 |
Step 7: Manipulate powers of 2 to determine the number of hosts on a network
Binary numbers use two digits, 0 and 1. When you calculate how many hosts can be on a subnetwork, you use powers of two because binary is being used. As an example, we have a subnet mask that leaves six bits in the host portion of the IP address. In this case, the number of hosts on that network is 2 to the 6th power minus 2 (because you need a number to represent the network and
- number that can be used to reach all the hosts—the broadcast address). The number 2 is always used because we are working in binary. The number 6 is the number of bits that are used for the host bits.
- On the calculator, in Dec mode, input the number 2. Select the x^y key, the key which raises a number to a power. Input the number 6. Click on the = key, press Enter on the keyboard, or press the = key on the keyboard—all give the total. The number 64 appears in the output. To subtract two, click on the minus (-) key and then the 2 key followed by the = key. The number 62 appears in the output. This means 62 hosts could be utilized.
- Using the previously described process, determine the number of hosts if the following number of bits are used for host bits.
| No. of Bits Used forHosts | No. of Hosts |
| 5 | 30 hosts |
| 14 | 16382 hosts |
| 24 | 16777214 host |
| 10 | 1022 hosts |
- Using a similar technique as learned previously, determine what 10 to the 4th power equals.
Jawab:
Hasilnya adalah 9998
- Close the Windows Calculator application.
Step 8: (Optional) Determine the network number and number of hosts based on subnet mask
- Given the IP network address of 172.16.203.56 and a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0, determine the network portion of the address and calculate how many hosts can be created from host bits left.
- Start by converting the 4 octets of the decimal IP address to binary and then convert the decimal subnet mask to binary. Remember to include leading zeros when converting to binary in order to make a total of 8 bits per octet.
| Decimal IP addressand subnet mask | Binary IP address and subnet mask |
| 172.16.203.56 | 10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000 |
| 255.255.248.0 | 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 |
- Align the 32 bits of the subnet mask to the 32 bits of the IP address and compare them. The bits in the IP address that align with the ones bits in the subnet mask represent the network number. What is the binary and decimal network number for this IP address? Determine the binary address first (include all 32 bits) and then convert it to decimal. Binary network address:
Jawab:
10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
10101100.00010000.11001000.00000000
Decimal network address:
Jawab:
172.16.200.0
- How many ones bits are in the subnet mask?
Jawab:
Subnetmask = 2n = 23=8
- How many bits are left for host bits?
Jawab:
Host = 2n-2= 25-2= 30
- How many hosts can be created with the bits left?
Jawab:
Host =2n-2= 211-2= 2046
Step 9: Reflection
- List one other thing for which you might use the Windows Calculator scientific mode. It does not have to be related to networking.
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